Pedin Edhellen - Changes 1.26 -> 2.0

p10: New preface 2nd edition with grammar article links

1.2.1
p16: The genitive in _en_ and genitive by word order are 
grammatically equivalent - there's only a tendency to express 
names in genitive by word order, but it has nothing to do with 
the question of definiteness, the relevant examples do not support 
this. In addition, I included _na_ as probably singular of _nia_.

1.2.2
p17: Explicitly written that there's presumably no distinction between 
singular and plural in 2nd person, but between familar and courteous. 
There may be, however, if so, it would probably be only on the 
level of emphatic pronouns and verbal endings. See 'Common Eldarin 
Views on the Sindarin Pronomial System'.

1.2.3
p17: Included remark that there are actually a few nouns with gender-specific
endings.

1.3
p18: The genitive grammar examples uses plural forms, so I included them
in the vocabulary where appropriate

2.1
p22: Changed _na aeglir_ to _nan aeglir_ to agree with the English translation

2.2.1
p22: Added remark about various subclasses to the main verb classes

2.2.2
p23: A footnote - _-r_ may not be a pronomial ending at all, it may 
just be a plural marker - we don't really know.

2.2.5
p24: Added remarks that gerunds cannot be pluralized, based on kinship 
with Quenya forms in _-(i)ta_ which can be inflected for person, but 
not for case or number. Pluralized gerunds a rather peculiar to English 
anyway.

2.3
p24: Added plurals

3.1
p27: Corrected tengwar version from _ne Imladris_ to _mi Imladris_, changed
_sa dîn..._ into _dîn_, the English 'it' in 'it is silent' is probably just 
a dummy subject and can be left out in Elvish.

3.2.2
p29: Footnote added clarifying the role of verb lenition

3.3 Added plurals, cleared _faireb_ (unused and probably wrong)

5.1
p39: changed _gên neri adan_ into _gên adan neri_ - sounds clearar,
also changed _na aeglir_ into _nan aeglir_ to agree with the translation

5.2.1
p40: Introduced analoguous forms

5.4
p42: If _nin estar_ is used, no lenition of the name occurs, because it is
actually in the unlenited quotation mode, cf. _pedo "mellon" a minno_ I deleted
the remark accordingly.

6.1
p44: Changed _Edhil_ into _In edhil_ to agree with the translation

6.2.1
p.45: Changed the description of comparative and superlative:
1) In VT45:5 there's an intensifying prefix A- which seems to be corresponding
to the Quenya intensifying prefix _an-_. _einior_ 'elder' may well be interpreted
as an intensified form of 'old' rather than a true comparative
2) Bertrand Bellet has argued convincingly in Lambengolmor message 642 that the 
form _Iarwain_ 'Oldest' would rather be akin to _Narwain_ 'new fire, January'
and translate literally as 'old-young, ageless', a fitting description of Tom 
Bombadil. 
These two points together resolve the puzzling question why the superlative
in Sindarin would be so different from its Quenya version and even the
Early Qenya and Gnomish way of forming it. 
Hence I adopt the theory that there's actually only an intensifying prefix in 
Sindarin
like in Quenya.

6.2.3
p.46: Relative sentences as objects presumably remain unlenited - there's no reason to 
lenit the verb in these cases, because the verb is in no way closely associated with
the relative pronoun. 

6.4
p.47: Removed the not-so-serious reconstructions _lasguil_, _mornechui_ and
_minuinen_, 'tea' could actually be _suthlas_ based on the GL.

7.1
p50: Adopted notion that all intransitive A-verbs form past tense in _-as_, hence 
changed _hiriant -> hirias_

7.2.2
p51: Added paragraph explaining the role of the definite article in combination 
with possessive adjectives.

7.2.3
p51,52: Described _-s_ as the regular past tense formation of all intransitive 
verbs, there's nothing to suggest that the seen examples would be in any way 
exceptional.

7.3
p52: The verb _mel-_ is now actually attested

7.4
p53: Changed superlatives in _-wain_ into genitive constructions, rephrased 
some very questionable sentences. Replaced _mail_ 'dear' with the attested 
_mell_. Marked _lint_ as unattested, it is based on Quenya _linta_ of course.

8.1
p56: Changed _mi in ich_ into _min ich_, here, actually mixed mutation isn't needed.

8.2.2
p.58: _maethor_ is presumably derived from an agental ending acting on the 
CE verb, not the bare stem, hence _maktârô -> maethor_ and would have plural 
_maethoer_ or an analoguous _maethyr_, cf. _makrô -> magor_

9.1
p62: changed _hirnim i harch_ into _tolem na i harch_ to include an example of
past tense by stem vowel strengthening

9.2.1
p62: completely rewritten to agree with what is attested in the Ety's and 
Addenda and Corrigenda.

9.3:
p64: added the words _hal-_, _hav-_, _trenar-_ and _can-_ used to describe the 
past tense formation

9.4:
p65: Changed _i anor_ into _Anor_, the sun counts as a name.

10.1:
p68: Changed _aphadatham_ into _beditham_ in order to avoid discussing the
complications of the verb _aphad-_ which really belongs into the analoguous 
classes of conjugation.

10.2.1:
p68: Mentioned that there are (possibly) exceptions to the future formation
for I-verbs to be discussed later (the analoguous classes).

10.2.2:
p69: Included the recently published formation _curu -> cyry_ into the discussion

10.2.3:
p70: Added remark about duodecimal numbers

10.3:
p70: Marked _ae_ as reconstruction

11.1:
p73: Replaced _nara_ by _trenar_, _naro_ is denoted as poetic form anyway.
Replaced _tellin_ by _tolen_ Assuming (somewhat shakily) that the reconstructed
_hir-_ would form past tense like _tir- > tiriant_ we'd get _hiriant_. Maybe
likewise for _*fir-_. Replaced _grungen_ by _grogas_ - there's no need at all to
assume there's a mixed conjugation and _groga-_ would belong to it.
Replaced _dangen_ by _degannen_ to get an example of an analoguous past tense.
Replaced _meithor_ by the more likely plural _maethoer_

11.2.1, 11.2.2
p74-75: Completely rewritten the two sections - this used to be 'mixed conjugation'

11.2.3
p76: Added lots of beasty phonetic complications of the class plural formation -
probably no one is going to need that anyway, but it's cool...

11.3
p77: fixed the vocabulary, deleted obsolete entries and included all verbs of the lesson

11.4
replaced unattested _lint_ by attested _lagor_, corrected _herithar_ to _heriathar_
Changed _amaetham_ to _amaethatham_, marked _cúvenn_ as unattested, corrected
_drega-_ to _dreg-_

12.1
p79: Replaced _nan yrch_ by _an yrch_ to agree with _gurth an glamhoth_
replaced the old comparative _ammeleg_ by _and athan i sigil hin_

12.2.1
p80: added translation 'beyond' to _athan_

12.2.2
p81: corrected _'ni_ to _'nin_

12.4
p82: changed _bangon na chemmaid_ to _bangon chemmaid_, it is not an instrumental
changed _gannadon_ to _gennedin_, it is probably an analogical form
changed _tellil > tolel_

13.1
p86: changed _firn_ to _firiant_ - both are speculative... changed _grunger_ to _grogasser_ 

13.2.1
p86: Clarified that _o > od_ is optional and favoured before _o-_

13.3
p88: cleaned vocabulary

13.4
p89: Changed _ú-belin toled_ to _ú-belin teli_ to follow Quenya _polin quetë_ rather 
than _polin quetita_

14.1
p92: changed _nan aran fern_ to _o haran fern_ (wrong preposition), 
_orthornim_ against _orthorem_

14.2
p94: changed the past tenses _dar- - darn  - darnen_ to _dar- - daur - doren_, 
added section on participles of analoguous forms

14.3
p95: Cleaned vocabulary

15.1
p99: changed _ú-bôl lostad_ to _ú-bôl losto_ to agree with Quenya example 'can', 
changed _nan thaur_ to _nan daur_ (it is mixed mutation)

15.2.1
p100: Explained in more detail - adjectives are in fact often unlenited in the corpus

15.4
p103: Corrected _nan hâd_ into _nan râd_ (should be 'upon your path')

16.1
p106: Changed _pelir darthad_ into _pelir dartho_, changed tranlsation 
of _naid affaeg_ from 'worse things' to 'extremely bad things' 
(intensifying prefix), likewise _naur ammeleg_ from 'greater fire' 
to 'great fire' (untranslated intensification). Changed _no dhínen_ 
to _no dínen_ - seems to be a predicatively used adjective and as 
such probably unmutated (in any case, JRRT often did not carry out _d -> dh_.

16.2.1
p106: Changed unattested _lint_ to attested _lagor_

16.2.2
p107: Changed _no diriel_ to _no tiriel_ - predicative use, probably unlenited.

16.2.3
p107: changed _an i minn_ into the more attested _'ni minn_
Added section with negated _boe_.

16.2.7 
p108: changed _nernin_ to _noren_ (past tense by stem vowel strengthening).

16.4
p109: changed _Suliell_ to _Súliell_, _le telithal_ to _le telitha_ 
(pronomial endings appear only once)

17.1
p112: changed unattested _lint_ to attested _lagor_, _pôl gweriad_ 
to _pôl gwerio_, _reniannem_ into _reniassem_

17.2.3
p113: This section now only refers to A-verbs with stem strengthening 
and other gimmicks

17.3
p115: Cleared unused vocabulary.

17.4.1
p116: changed _tellin_ to _tolen_, _toll_ to _taul_, changed the translation
 of _ammaer_ to 'very good' 

18.1
p120: changed _ammaer aen darthad_ into _maer darthad aen atham minnad_ 
(new comparative rule), changed _tur_ to _tûr_.

18.3
p123: cleaned vocabulary

19.1
p126: changed _i vorchaint_ to _i morchaint_ - it is nasal mutation of 
course, changed _no diriel_ to _no tiriel_ (predicatively used), changed 
_hine_ to _hent în_, I don't really believe the former form would be 
preserved, likewise _magola_ to _magol în_.

19.3
p128: cleaned vocabulary

20.1
p132: changed _pôl cened_ into _pôl ceni_, _cant...garel_ to _cant ...'arel_
(missing lenition), _tur_ into _tûr_, changed _danna-_ into _dant_

20.2.2
p132: changed _nin gennir_ into _nin cennir_ (preceding object should not cause 
lenition)

20.2.3
p133: changed _nernin_ to _noren_

20.3
p134: cleaned vocabulary

20.4
p134: changed _tellich_ to _tolech_, changed _sairn_ into _sern_ (the plural 
pattern of _a_ is somewhat of a puzzle though...)

21.1
p138: changed _edraith_ to _edrath_ - I really think this is a pluralized
_ed-rath_ 'way out' in the corpus. Changed _bellir dregad_ into _paul drego_ -
_*pol-_ ought to have a stem vowel past tense as well and _gwanod_ requires a
singular, and it should be unlenited anyway.

21.3
p142: cleaned vocabulary


21.4.2
p143: changed _tellin_ into _tolen_

22.1
p146: changed _tellich, tellin_ into _tolech, tolen_, _orthorn_ into _orthor_

22.2.2
p147: added careful remarks regarding endings


22.2.4
p147: changed _tellin_ into _tolen_

22.3
p158: cleaned vocabulary

22.4
p149: referenced 'Rogue's guide' instead of Ardalambion for word reconstruction -
the guide is specifically written as a Beginner's resource whereas Helge's
things are more advanced (and referenced by the Rogue's guide anyway).